Virtudes Prusianas

VIRTUDES PRUSIANAS (Brandenburgo-Prusia, Alemania):
Perfecta organización * Sacrificio * Imperio de la ley * Obediencia a la autoridad * Militarismo * Fiabilidad * Tolerancia religiosa * Sobriedad * Frugalidad * Pragmatismo * Puntualidad * Modestia * Diligencia

Mostrando entradas con la etiqueta polonia. Mostrar todas las entradas
Mostrando entradas con la etiqueta polonia. Mostrar todas las entradas

martes, 6 de abril de 2010

¡ Ni semitas son ! DNA y ashke-nazi-m sefarditas; Alemania, Polonia, y un quinto de España con linea de sangre judía.

"Volteado" al español por Google, el texto original en inglés al fondo.

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/7346496/View-from-the-Lab-Who-is-a-Jew-DNA-can-hold-the-key.html


¿Quién es un Judio? Como muestra el pasaporte de los últimos fila, esa pregunta puede ser turbia, con elementos de las creencias, valores, origen y nacionalidad mezclarla

También tiene recuerdos oscuros de una época terrible en la historia cuando la sangre judía significaba la muerte, y la ciencia o pseudociencia, afirmó ser capaz de olfatear.


Las cosas han cambiado. Hace una década, estaba pasando por el aeropuerto de Ben Gurion en Tel Aviv con una caja llena de pequeños tubos. Alertados por el sello en mi pasaporte sirio, el personal de seguridad me dio un mal rato. Después de vaciar mi caso, ella le preguntó qué había en la caja. Yo le respondí, irritado: "escupir árabe". "¿Qué?" , dijo. "Soy un genetista, le expliqué, he estado palestino muestreo de ADN. Inmediatamente, su rostro se iluminó - ¡ah, el ADN. Yo había oído las cosas entonces novedosa en los cromosomas masculinos para compartir, de familias sacerdotales judíos como los Cohen? I tenido, y nos separamos en términos amistosos.

La conversación me dio qué pensar. El mismo José Mengele escribió su tesis doctoral sobre la relación entre la forma del maxilar y la identidad racial. Sus ideas fueron basura perniciosa e incluso 20 años más tarde la idea de una prueba genética para descendientes de judíos que han sido tratados con horror. Ahora, ha surgido una y no es despreciable, pero considerado por muchos Judios sí mismos.

Un escáner de medio millón de sitios variable a través de los genomas de los europeos y los estadounidenses varios cientos, cada uno consciente de sus antecedentes familiares de haber tenido un judío reciente o una ascendencia no-judíos, dio una separación absoluta entre los Judios y los demás: ni un solo judío abuelo fue suficiente para proporcionar una identificación inequívoca, por escrito en el ADN. Una muestra cuidada selección de sólo 300 de esos sitios es casi tan bien, y poner a prueba una base en que serán más baratos.

El judaísmo se hereda por la línea femenina - al igual que las mitocondrias. Su ADN indica que Judios actual, desde el grupo más numeroso, los ocho millones de askenazíes - la mayoría de los cuales una vez encontrado su hogar en Europa Central y Oriental, y que ahora representan la mayoría de los Judios de América - tienen pocas abuelas. Alrededor de la mitad descienden de sólo cuatro mujeres que llevan tipos mitocondrial se encuentra casi exclusivamente en esa población. Dos millones de trazar su descendencia de uno de esos antiguos predecesores.

En 1650, hubo sólo 100.000 askenazíes de Europa, un número y luego reducida aún más por los pogromos. En la Europa central del siglo 18, sin embargo, vino la expansión masiva de la población que, en gran parte debido a sus condiciones de vida relativamente bueno. En Frankfurt, la esperanza de vida de los judíos estaba en 48 años de edad, en comparación con 37 entre los no-Judios. En el año 1800, Judios numeradas dos millones y en 1900 casi cuatro veces más.

Gran parte del crecimiento se produjo en el valle del Rin - Alemania de hoy en día. El aumento se concentró entre las familias acomodadas unos pocos, muchos de los cuales había 10 niños, mientras que las clases más pobres tenían menos. Como resultado, la mayoría de deriva de hoy askenazíes de una pequeña proporción de esa población, dos millones de dólares de una madre, literalmente "que comparten Eva, que probablemente vivió - desconocido y no reconocido - en un hogar próspero en un pueblo alemán o polaco tres siglos hace. Una estrecha identidad compartida a través de madres, abuelas, y es más, para millones de askenazíes, un hecho genética.

Para otros, sin embargo, la historia es más oscura. Un gran centro separado de la tradición judía y la cultura creció en España. La mayoría de los sefarditas llegaron después de la península cayó bajo el control romano en el siglo II antes de Cristo. En el año 711 dC, un ejército musulmán invadió. Los Judios floreció bajo un régimen tolerante, a menudo como abogados, comerciantes, etc. Luego regresó a la Iglesia. Tras un siglo de persecución, que fueron expulsados en 1492. Los sefardíes dispersos por gran parte de Europa, Oriente Medio y el Nuevo Mundo.

Su mitocondrias, a diferencia de las de los askenazíes, dar ninguna señal de un cuello de botella recientes. Su ADN muestran lugar la porosidad de las fronteras de la fe puede ser. Amenazado por la Inquisición, miles de Judios izquierda española a lugares como Turquía. Otros convertirse o fingió hacerlo - y una aldea portuguesa ha mantenido una cultura secreto judío, casándose entre sí durante cinco siglos.

cromosomas Y revelan mucho de fuga a través de la división religiosa. Una quinta parte de todos los linajes masculinos de la España moderna son de origen judío, lo que significa que millones de devotos católicos españoles tienen ascendencia sefardí, mientras que los propios sefardíes, con su ritual judío singular y antigua, presente una gama más amplia de variaciones genéticas que hacen sus Ashkenazi primos. Muchas de las personas con una fe tienen raíces biológicas en el otro. Mi esposa, como sucede, proviene de una familia sefardí y tiene parientes con apellidos tales como Cardozo y Pexiota. Después de 40 años aquí, ella todavía no tiene vuelta a la obtención de un pasaporte británico. A pesar de la doble hélice, la identidad sigue siendo algo confuso.





Who is a Jew? As the recent passport row shows, that question can be murky, with elements of belief, values, descent and nationality mixed in.

It also has dark reminders of a terrible time in history when Jewish blood meant death; and science, or pseudo-science, claimed to be able to sniff it out.


Things have changed. A decade ago, I was passing through Ben Gurion airport in Tel Aviv carrying a box filled with small tubes. Alerted by the Syrian stamp in my passport, the security staff gave me a hard time. After emptying my case, she asked what was in the box. I replied, irritably: "Arab spit". "What?" she said. "I'm a geneticist, I explained, I have been sampling Palestinian DNA. At once, her face brightened – ah, DNA. Had I heard the then novel stuff on the shared male chromosomes of priestly Jewish families such as the Cohens? I had, and we parted on amicable terms.

The conversation gave me pause for thought. Joseph Mengele himself wrote his doctoral thesis on the relationship between jaw shape and racial identity. His ideas were pernicious rubbish and even 20 years later the thought of a genetic test for Jewish descent would have been treated with horror. Now, one has emerged and is not despised but hailed by many Jews themselves.

A scan of half a million variable sites across the genomes of several hundred Europeans and Americans, each aware from their family history of having had a recent Jewish or a non-Jewish ancestry, gave an absolute separation between Jews and others: even a single Jewish grandparent was enough to provide an unambiguous identity, written in DNA. A carefully chosen sample of just 300 of those sites does almost as well, and a test based on that would be cheap.

Judaism is inherited down the female line – as are mitochondria. Their DNA shows that today's Jews from the largest group, the eight million Ashkenazim – most of whom once found their home in central and eastern Europe, and who now represent the majority of American Jews – have few grandmothers. Around half descend from just four women who bear mitochondrial types found almost exclusively in that population. Two million trace their descent from just one of those ancient predecessors.

In 1650, there were only 100,000 Ashkenazim in Europe, a number then further reduced by pogroms. In 18th-century central Europe, though, came massive expansion of that population, largely because of their relatively good living conditions. In Frankfurt, Jewish life expectancy was at aged 48, compared to 37 among non-Jews. By 1800, Jews numbered two million and by 1900 almost four times as many.

Much of the growth occurred in the Rhine Valley – modern-day Germany. The increase was concentrated among a few well-off families, many of whom had 10 children while the poorest classes had far fewer. As a result, the majority of today's Ashkenazim derive from a small proportion of that population, two million from one mother, quite literally their shared Eve, who probably lived – unknown and unrecognised – in an affluent household in a German or Polish village three centuries ago. A shared close identity through mothers, grandmothers, and more is, for millions of Ashkenazim, a genetical fact.

For others, though, the story is murkier. A separate great centre of Jewish tradition and culture grew up in Spain. Most of the Sephardim arrived after the peninsula fell under Roman control in the second century BC. In 711 AD, a Muslim army invaded. The Jews flourished under a tolerant regime, often as lawyers, merchants and the like. Then the Church returned. After a century of persecution, they were expelled in 1492. The Sephardim were scattered over much of Europe, the Middle East, and the New World.

Their mitochondria, unlike those of the Ashkenazim, give no sign of a recent bottleneck. Their DNA show instead how porous the boundaries of faith may be. Threatened by the Inquisition, thousands of Spanish Jews left to places such as Turkey. Others converted, or pretended to do so – and one Portuguese village maintained a secret Jewish culture, marrying among themselves for five centuries.

Y chromosomes reveal much leakage across the religious divide. A fifth of all the male lineages of modern Spain are of Jewish origin, which means that millions of devout Spanish Catholics have Sephardic ancestry, while the Sephardim themselves, with their unique and ancient Jewish ritual, present a wider range of genetic variation than do their Ashkenazi cousins. Plenty of those with one faith have biological roots in the other. My wife, as it happens, comes from a Sephardic family and has relatives with surnames such as Cardozo and Pexiota. After 40 years here, she has still not got round to obtaining a British passport. In spite of the double helix, identity remains a confusing thing.

martes, 1 de septiembre de 2009

Rusia condena a UK, Francia y Polonia de haber entrado en la guerra. Los tres países a su vez condenan a Rusia.

Que interesante, ingleses y franceses y polacos culpan el tratao de no agresión entre la URSS y Alemania como palanca para que Hitler invadiera Polonia, haciendo a URSS/Rusia responsable medianamente también en el inicio de la guerra.

Rusia invadió Polonia 15 días después de Alemania pero nadie le declaró la guerra, nadie le culpa mucho hasta ahora. Rusia nunca se ha disculpado de esa invasión aparentemente injustiificada, menso aun se ha disculpado por los 20,000 oficiales polacos asesinados a manos de las fuerzas rusas en el bosque de Kaytn y que los rusos ponian como un crímen cometido por los alemanes, pero no fué así. (¿ Mentiritas con los muertos ? Algo me dice que mucho de los campos de concentración es así también, mentiras convenientes)

Pero Rusia desclasifica documentos donde se ve que Polonia también tenía ambiciones expansionistas antes de la guerra, como lo muestra su anexación de territorios originalmente de Checoslovaquia en 1938 y más aun donde hay muestras de colaboración entre polacos y alemanes para atacar a la URSS/ Rusia.

También Rusia declara que fue la mala política de Francia e Inglaterra la que propició el inicio de hostilidades de la mano de su tratado con Alemania de 1938.

Que bonito es verlos tratando de librarse de sus culpas: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/worldnews/article-1210264/Putin-condemns-Moscow-signing-1939-treaty-Berlin--blames-Britain-wartime-pacts-Nazi-Germany.html

lunes, 31 de agosto de 2009

Hasta el primer ministro polaco lo cree: Polonia es un páramo mediocre

Que no tienen nada, solo la libertad. ¿ Y como se come y viste la libertad ? Yo creo que tambien al estilo judío con quienes comparten tanto tienen otra cosa. quejarse, quejarse, lloriquear y lloriquear a ver si de limosnitas crecen, pero ya vimos que ni con los territorios alemanes de Prusia, Pomerania, Brandenmburgo y Silesia han podido crear un país fuerte.


Donald Tusk Says Poland Is Crap


NEW Polish Prime Minister, Donald Tusk says of Poland:
We have no oil and gas. We don’t have high tech. Our centers of development, are far, far behind others. We will never be an extraordinary tourist attraction. Poland is quite a mediocre country in some regards. The only natural resource that we have, and with which we can compete, is freedom.

Se reajustan las cifras...

Un poco menos de víctimas polacas es el resultado del más reciente calculo de decesos en la segunda guerra para Polonia.

http://www.expatica.com/de/news/german-news/Polish-experts-lower-nation_s-WWII-death-toll--_55843.html

Polish experts lower nation's WWII death toll
The Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) said its researchers now put the figure at between 5.62 million and 5.82 million rather than the estimated figure 6.028 million used in communist-era Poland.
Warsaw -- At least 208,000 fewer Polish citizens died in World War II than the long-held toll of six million, a Polish organisation that probes the crimes of the past said last week.

The Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) said its researchers now put the figure at between 5.62 million and 5.82 million rather than the estimated figure 6.028 million used in communist-era Poland.

The IPN's figures include Polish Jews -- who made up around half of the six million Jews from across Europe who perished in Nazi Germany's Holocaust -- as well as non-Jewish Poles and other ethnic groups.

According to the IPN, between 5.47 million and 5.67 million Polish citizens died at the hands of the Nazis. Some 150,000 perished under the Soviets.

Berlin and Moscow had signed a pact to carve up Poland in 1939, and imposed a reign of terror in their respective zones after invading that September.

Germany turned on its erstwhile ally in 1941, invading the Soviet Union. The Red Army imposed communist rule in Poland as it drove back the Nazis in 1944-1945.

The IPN said it had also reduced the number of Poles deported to Siberia by the Soviets after 1939 from one million to 320,000.

In addition, it lowered the number of civilians who died during the failed two-month Warsaw Uprising against the Germans in 1944 -- mostly in massacres by Nazi troops -- to 150,000 from the previous estimate of 200,000.

The IPN -- created a decade after the fall of Poland's communist regime in 1989 -- was set up to research and prosecute crimes dating from both the war and the communist era.

In June, it launched a vast operation to create a name-by-name Internet list of Polish war victims.

AFP/Expatica

domingo, 30 de agosto de 2009

A 70 años, polonia sigue traumada y resentida.

A mi que me disculpen sus muertos pero esas visiones y actitudes rencorosas, revanchistas no dejan ver de fondo más que un mediocre desempeño como país, mediocre emocional y materialmente en tanto culpan los acontecimientos de hace 70 años como causa de su situación actual y pasada inmediata así como los usan comomedio de coerción para lograr más poder dentro de la UE sin mérito real, simplemente el poder del chantaje y la lastimita. Polonia no seas mediocre, crece ya, no culpes a otros si en 70 añso no has hecho nada y ni en los ultimos 20 no tiene que ver ya ni con Hitler, ni con las SS ni con tus judíos muertos ni con la URSS o Ribbentrop-Molotov o la OTAN, tienen que ver con tu incapacidad para hacer algo.

70 years on, Poland's WWII wounds haven't healed

WARSAW, Poland — Back home in Germany, Erika Steinbach is hardly a household name. But in neighboring Poland she is a national hate figure, caricatured on magazine covers as a Nazi in SS uniform.

Her offense, in Polish eyes, is that she claims to speak for the millions of ethnic Germans who were expelled from their homes in Poland and elsewhere in eastern Europe after World War II. These accusers say she is revising history and drawing a moral parallel between the cruelties the Germans inflicted and the sufferings they later endured.

The recriminations go to the heart of the resentments that still bubble up from the war that broke out with Hitler's attack on Poland on Sept. 1, 1939.

Today, as Polish, German and Russian leaders join on Tuesday to mark the anniversary, Polish-German relations are at one level an idyll of open borders and shared membership in the prosperous, democratic European Union.

But at another level, they are one rancorous episode after another: a Polish prime minister demanding greater voting power in European forums to make up for Poland's war-related loss of population; a German magazine article that stirs Polish outrage by saying Germany had the willing help of Poles and others in executing its genocidal actions; and now a new museum in Berlin, championed by Steinbach, that will exhibit the hardships of the world's refugees through history, especially the wartime Germans.

Steinbach, 67, strenuously denies minimizing Poland's afflictions. But she is a lightning rod for Poles' fears that future generations of Germans will grow up in a historical muddle about the war and its aftermath.

"We'll probably reach a point — and we are hearing this already — that Germans suffered equally because someone expelled them from somewhere and that they were killed as well," complains Jacek Patoka, a 42-year-old Polish businessman.

What irks the Poles most is Steinbach and her Federation of the Expellees, the group that demands recognition of the suffering inflicted on some 14 million Germans when the postwar borders were redrawn and they were driven out of their homes.

When Steinbach pushed for the Berlin museum, Poland's government was indignant, seeing it as a sign that Germans were trying to play down their crimes and highlight their own suffering and resistance to Hitler's regime.

"We don't like these activities," said Romualda Tudrej, an 82-year-old woman who fought in Poland's anti-Nazi resistance. "The Germans are unfortunately changing history a little. There's a new generation now and this generation wants to have heroes, and not the bandits that it actually had for ancestors."

As tempers rose, Poland lobbied to block Steinbach's appointment to head the board of the planned museum. It would be tantamount to putting a Holocaust-denier in charge of relations with Israel, charged Wladyslaw Bartoszewski, an Auschwitz survivor and Polish government representative on German issues, in an interview with Poland's Dziennik newspaper.

After much discussion between Warsaw and Berlin, Poland last year consented to a German government-backed museum in Berlin to be called the "Center against Expulsions." That was after it was assured by Chancellor Angela Merkel that the exhibit would include information on expulsions of other peoples worldwide and throughout history.

At a gathering of Steinbach's federation Aug. 23, Merkel defended the idea, saying that the history of flight and expulsions is "part of our national identity and part of our shared cultural memory." But she insisted it did not mean Germany wants to diminish its responsibility for starting the war.

"We will not forget: This was a direct consequence of the German war and the Nazi tyranny," she said. "Yes, we admit our responsibility for the darkest chapter in Germany's history — there is no reinterpretation of history."

Many Poles are still not convinced, and to them, Steinbach's own biography is salt in their wounds: Her family was not native to Poland, but came there when her father was assigned to the German occupation forces as a Luftwaffe technician.

Steinbach represents Merkel's Christian Democratic Union in the parliament, which sharpens Polish suspicions that her views are close to the mainstream.

Steinbach's supporters say she is being maligned. They note that she has distanced herself from even more controversial efforts by a tiny number of Germans to regain prewar family property now in Poland.

At her federation's gathering, she made a point of stressing that Nazi Germany was ultimately responsible for the fate of the expelled Germans. "Our fate was preceded by something atrocious," she said.

But she insisted that her country had the right to commemorate the plight of Germans who faced "malice and viciousness" when forced from parts of Eastern Europe. Some were killed, beaten or murdered in revenge by Poles, Czechs and others.

Both Poland and Germany preserve reminders of the war. The Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church, with its spire broken by Allied bombing and never restored, is a landmark of the Berlin cityscape. In Warsaw's war museum, the first thing visitors see is rubble salvaged from the capital's bombed royal castle, a historic seat of Polish kings, sending a clear message that the best of the nation was demolished by Nazi atrocities.

Now Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk has launched plans for another war museum in Gdansk, a city with a mixed German and Polish history that took some of the opening salvos of the war.

Gdansk is where Merkel and Russian Prime Minister Vladmir Putin will join Polish President Lech Kaczynski and Prime Minister Tusk in commemorating the outbreak of the war.

To most Germans, the expelled are a marginal issue, of relevance only to an elderly, dwindling group, and the Poles' fears tend to be seen as exaggerated or unfounded.

They can point to the hundreds of memorials across Germany honoring victims of the Nazis, the compensation Germany paid to millions of Hitler's victims, the more than $22 billion invested by Germans in Poland since the Cold War ended.

Relations are much better between younger Poles and Germans, especially those who have studied or worked in each other's countries.

"I have nothing against Germans," said Piotr Roguski, 39, a real estate agent in Warsaw. "For me contemporary Germans and the Germans of World War II are two different things."

Among Polish youth, German army jackets are considered cool attire, much to their elders' dismay.

Angelica Schwall-Dueren, of the German-Polish Society that promotes cooperation and cross-border exchanges between the two nations, calls today's relationship a "political and humanitarian miracle," given the shared horrors of the past.

And what horrors they were. Less than three weeks after the Germans attacked, the Soviet army invaded from the east. The Nazis regarded Poles as an inferior race. Centuries of shared history, during which innumerable Germans had settled in what is now Poland, became a master-slave relationship. The Germans blitzed Polish cities and built Auschwitz on Polish soil. At the end of the war, 6 million Polish citizens out of a prewar population of 35 million were dead — half of them Jews, half Christians.

The war left Poland feeling massively betrayed — by its Western allies who failed to come to their aid; by the Soviet army that first invaded it, then stood aside as the Germans crushed the country; and by the postwar settlement that opened the way to 40 years of communist dictatorship.

Poland today has 38 million people to Germany's 82 million, which qualifies it as medium-sized in a European Union where voting is weighted by population size. And even that ties in to the war. In arguing in 2007 for enhanced voting rights, the then prime minister, Jaroslaw Kaczynski, argued: "If it hadn't had to live through the years 1939-1945, Poland would today be a country of 66 million."

Associated Press writers Marta Kucharska in Warsaw and Melissa Eddy in Berlin contributed to this report.